Titre :	Analysis of Areas Contaminated by Oil
Type de document :	document électronique
Auteurs :	Houda Guerioune, Auteur ; Boukhenfouf,Wassila, Directeur de thèse ; Loubaba Lahmar, Directeur de thèse
Editeur :	Setif:UFA
Année de publication :	2024
Importance :	1 vol (42 f.)
Format :	29 cm
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	Thèses & Mémoires:Physique
Mots-clés :	Physique
Index. décimale :	530 - Physique
Note de contenu :	Sommaire Chapter I: Petroleum hydrocarbons and soil I. The soil...........................................................................................................................3 1. Definition.....................................................................................................................3 2. Various Phases of Soil...................................................................................................3 3. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils....................................................................4 a. Physical characteristics...........................................................................................4 i. Texture........................................................................................................4 ii. The porosity ...............................................................................................4 b. Chemical characteristics.........................................................................................4 i. Soil Acidity.................................................................................................4 ii. The cathodic exchange capacity (CEC)......................................................5 II. Petrolium hydrocarbons................................................................................................5 1. Definition......................................................................................................................5 2. The chimical composition..............................................................................................5 3. Classification.................................................................................................................6 4. Behavior of hydrocarbons..............................................................................................6 5. Physical-Chemical Properties........................................................................................6 6. Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil...................................................................................7 III. Pollution........................................................................................................................7 1. Sources of pollution ....................................................................................................8 2. Definitions of polluted or contaminated soil...............................................................8 3. Pollution from hydrocarbons.......................................................................................9 Chapter II: Radioactivity &Heavy Metals I. Radioactivity…………………………………………………………………….10 1. Natural radioactive sources………………………………………………………...10 a. Cosmic radiation……………………………………………………………10 b. Terrestrial radiation………………………………………………………...10 2. Natural radioactive families………………………………………………………..10 II. Heavy metals…………………………………………………………………….12 1. Classification of heavy metals……………………………………………………...12 a. Essential metals…………………………………………………………….12 b. Toxic metals………………………………………………………………...12 2. Soil pollution by heavy metals………………………………………………..……13 3. Origin of soil contamination by heavy metals…………………………………...…13 4. Distribution of heavy metals in soils……………………………………………….13 Chapter III: Analysis techniques I. Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter..................................................15 1. Photoelectric absorption…………………………………………………...……….15 2. Compton Scattering………………………………………………………...………15 3. Pair production……………………………………………………………………..16 II. Detection of Radiation ………………………..………………………………….16 1. The detector types .....................................................................................................16 a. Scintillator detectors…………………………………………..……………16 b. Germanium detectors.....................................................................................17 2. The characteristics of detectors………………………………………………….…17 a. The absolute efficiency……………………………………………………..17 b. Resolution ????WHM.........................................................................................18 c. Dead Time......................................................................................................................................19 d. Background noise.........................................................................................19 3. Gamma spectrometry ...…………………………………………………………….20 1. Gamma spectrometry chain.................................................................................20 a. High voltage power supply...........................................................................20 b. Preamplifier………………………………………………………….……..20 c. Amplifier........................................................................................................20 d. Analog-to-digital converter and multichannel analyzer...............................20 4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF).......................................................................20 1. Principle of XRF………………………………………………………………...20 2. X-rays and fluorescence……………………………………………….………...20 Chapter IV :Experimental Section I. The working objective………………………………………………………………22 II. Sampling and localisation…………………………………………………………..22 1. Sampling location…………………………………………………………..…….22 2. Soil sampling……………………………………………………………..……….23 III. Results and Discussion…………………………………………..…………..…...….23 a. Gamma Spectrometry……………………………………………..……...23 i. Sodium Iodide detector NaI(Tl)………………………….………24 a. Energy calibration.......................................................................................24 b. Measurement of background noise.............................................................25 c. Efficiency calibration..................................................................................26 d. Activity calculation……………………………………………………….26 1. Radionuclide mass activity in soil....................................................................27 2. Contamination factor(CF)…………………………………………………….29 3. Soil adsorption coefficient (Kd)……………………………………………....30 3.1.2. HPGe detector………………………………………………………...31 3.1.3. ray fluorescence (XRF)…………………………………………….…32 3.1.4. Heavy metals concentration………………………………………..…32 a. Pollutionindices……………...…………………………………...……….....36 b. Health Risk Assessment for Risk Elements……………………...…………..37 Conclusion…..…………………………………………………………………………..41
Côte titre :	MAPH/0653

Analysis of Areas Contaminated by Oil [document électronique] / Houda Guerioune, Auteur ; Boukhenfouf,Wassila, Directeur de thèse ; Loubaba Lahmar, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : Setif:UFA, 2024 . - 1 vol (42 f.) ; 29 cm.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	Thèses & Mémoires:Physique
Mots-clés :	Physique
Index. décimale :	530 - Physique
Note de contenu :	Sommaire Chapter I: Petroleum hydrocarbons and soil I. The soil...........................................................................................................................3 1. Definition.....................................................................................................................3 2. Various Phases of Soil...................................................................................................3 3. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils....................................................................4 a. Physical characteristics...........................................................................................4 i. Texture........................................................................................................4 ii. The porosity ...............................................................................................4 b. Chemical characteristics.........................................................................................4 i. Soil Acidity.................................................................................................4 ii. The cathodic exchange capacity (CEC)......................................................5 II. Petrolium hydrocarbons................................................................................................5 1. Definition......................................................................................................................5 2. The chimical composition..............................................................................................5 3. Classification.................................................................................................................6 4. Behavior of hydrocarbons..............................................................................................6 5. Physical-Chemical Properties........................................................................................6 6. Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil...................................................................................7 III. Pollution........................................................................................................................7 1. Sources of pollution ....................................................................................................8 2. Definitions of polluted or contaminated soil...............................................................8 3. Pollution from hydrocarbons.......................................................................................9 Chapter II: Radioactivity &Heavy Metals I. Radioactivity…………………………………………………………………….10 1. Natural radioactive sources………………………………………………………...10 a. Cosmic radiation……………………………………………………………10 b. Terrestrial radiation………………………………………………………...10 2. Natural radioactive families………………………………………………………..10 II. Heavy metals…………………………………………………………………….12 1. Classification of heavy metals……………………………………………………...12 a. Essential metals…………………………………………………………….12 b. Toxic metals………………………………………………………………...12 2. Soil pollution by heavy metals………………………………………………..……13 3. Origin of soil contamination by heavy metals…………………………………...…13 4. Distribution of heavy metals in soils……………………………………………….13 Chapter III: Analysis techniques I. Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter..................................................15 1. Photoelectric absorption…………………………………………………...……….15 2. Compton Scattering………………………………………………………...………15 3. Pair production……………………………………………………………………..16 II. Detection of Radiation ………………………..………………………………….16 1. The detector types .....................................................................................................16 a. Scintillator detectors…………………………………………..……………16 b. Germanium detectors.....................................................................................17 2. The characteristics of detectors………………………………………………….…17 a. The absolute efficiency……………………………………………………..17 b. Resolution ????WHM.........................................................................................18 c. Dead Time......................................................................................................................................19 d. Background noise.........................................................................................19 3. Gamma spectrometry ...…………………………………………………………….20 1. Gamma spectrometry chain.................................................................................20 a. High voltage power supply...........................................................................20 b. Preamplifier………………………………………………………….……..20 c. Amplifier........................................................................................................20 d. Analog-to-digital converter and multichannel analyzer...............................20 4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF).......................................................................20 1. Principle of XRF………………………………………………………………...20 2. X-rays and fluorescence……………………………………………….………...20 Chapter IV :Experimental Section I. The working objective………………………………………………………………22 II. Sampling and localisation…………………………………………………………..22 1. Sampling location…………………………………………………………..…….22 2. Soil sampling……………………………………………………………..……….23 III. Results and Discussion…………………………………………..…………..…...….23 a. Gamma Spectrometry……………………………………………..……...23 i. Sodium Iodide detector NaI(Tl)………………………….………24 a. Energy calibration.......................................................................................24 b. Measurement of background noise.............................................................25 c. Efficiency calibration..................................................................................26 d. Activity calculation……………………………………………………….26 1. Radionuclide mass activity in soil....................................................................27 2. Contamination factor(CF)…………………………………………………….29 3. Soil adsorption coefficient (Kd)……………………………………………....30 3.1.2. HPGe detector………………………………………………………...31 3.1.3. ray fluorescence (XRF)…………………………………………….…32 3.1.4. Heavy metals concentration………………………………………..…32 a. Pollutionindices……………...…………………………………...……….....36 b. Health Risk Assessment for Risk Elements……………………...…………..37 Conclusion…..…………………………………………………………………………..41
Côte titre :	MAPH/0653