Energy efficiency routing protocol based on optimization of trajectory mobile sink in hierarchical wireless sensor networks / Wassim Bekhouche

Public ISBD Titre : Energy efficiency routing protocol based on optimization of trajectory mobile sink in hierarchical wireless sensor networks Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Wassim Bekhouche, Auteur ; Ibrahim el Khallil Haddad ; Riad Aouabed, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Setif:UFA Année de publication : 2024 Importance : 1 vol (54 f .) Format : 29 cm Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Thèses & Mémoires:Informatique Mots-clés : Wireless sensor network Hot-Spot Mobile sink Center of Gravity Rendezvous Points Ant colony optimization. Index. décimale : 004 - Informatique Résumé : This research addresses the problem of energy efficiency in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with a mobile base station (sink). It focuses on optimizing the trajectory of the mobile sink to ensure better network coverage. After an introduction to wireless networks and their applications, we present in detail the mobile sinks, their different types of mobility, and the various path optimization techniques used in this type of protocols. Based on these studies, a routing protocol has been proposed that is based on optimized Rendezvous Points, and the use of the ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm to generate the path followed by the mobile sink. Simulation scenarios have been conducted to confirm the efficiency and validity of our protocol. Note de contenu : Sommaire List of tables XII General Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Sensors Networks 2 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 2 Sensor Node .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Components of a Sensor Node ..................................................................... 4 2.2 Methods for placing sensor nodes in WSN .................................................. 5 2.2.1 Random placement .......................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Deterministic placement .................................................................. 5 3 WSNs Architecture .................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Protocol stack for wireless sensor networks ............................................... 5 3.1.1 Physical layer..................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Data Link layer .................................................................................. 6 3.1.3 Network layer ................................................................................... 7 3.1.4 Transport layer .................................................................................. 7 3.1.5 Application layer ............................................................................... 7 3.1.6 Management Planes Across Each Layer ........................................... 8 4 Application of Wireless Sensor Networks.................................................................. 9 4.1 Military Applications ..................................................................................... 9 4.2 Environmental monitoring ............................................................................ 10 4.3 Healthcare and Medical Applications ........................................................... 11 4.4 Home Applications ........................................................................................ 12 5 Network Topology ..................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Flat Architecture ............................................................................................ 12 5.2 Clustering Approach ..................................................................................... 13 6 Cluster Head Selection Algorithms ............................................................................ 14 6.1 Lowest ID Clustering Algorithm ..................................................................... 14 6.2 Highest Connectivity Clustering Algorithm ................................................... 14 6.3 Weighted Clustering Algorithm ..................................................................... 14 7 Intra-cluster routing ................................................................................................... 15 8 Inter-Cluster Routing ................................................................................................. 15 9 Classification Of Routing Protocols ............................................................................ 16 10 Hierarchical Routing Protocols ................................................................................ 17 10.1 LEACH Protocol ............................................................................................ 17 10.2 Advantages of LEACH .................................................................................. 19 10.3 Disadvantages of LEACH .............................................................................. 20 11 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2 Mobile Sink in WSNs 22 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 22 2 The Hot-Spot Problem in Static Sink .......................................................................... 22 2.1 Causes of The Hot-Spot Problem .................................................................. 22 2.2 Impacts of The Hot-Spot problem on network performance ....................... 23 3 Mobile Sink vs Static Sink ........................................................................................... 24 4 Mobile Sink ................................................................................................................ 25 4.1 Random Mobility ........................................................................................... 25 4.2 Fixed Mobility ................................................................................................ 26 4.3 Controlled Mobility ....................................................................................... 27 5 Advantages of Mobile Sinks ....................................................................................... 27 6 Challenges of using Mobile sinks ............................................................................... 28 7 Mobile Sink Path Optimization Techniques .................................................................... 28 7.1 Bio-inspired Techniques ...................................................................................... 28 7.1.1 Ant Colony Optimization ......................................................................... 28 7.1.2 Fireefly Algorithm .................................................................................... 29 7.1.3 Genetic Algorithms (GA) ......................................................................... 29 7.1.4 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) ....................................................... 29 7.2 Cluster-based Protocol.......................................................................................... 29 7.2.1 Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink Routing Algorithm (EEMSRA) ............. 29 7.2.2 Advantages of EEMSRA ..................................................................... 29 7.2.3 Drawbacks of EEMSRA ...................................................................... 30 7.3 Area-based Protocol ...................................................................................... 30 7.3.1 Line-based Data Dissemination (LBDD) ............................................ 30 7.3.2 Advantages of LBDD .......................................................................... 31 7.3.3 Drawbacks of LBDD ........................................................................... 31 7.4 Tree-Based Protocol ...................................................................................... 31 7.4.1 SPT-DGA Algorithm ........................................................................... 32 7.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of SPT-DGA .......................................... 32 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 Rendezvouz Points Optimization Protocol (OPT_RDV) 33 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 33 2 Overall description ..................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Assumptions .................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Initialization ................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Routing data to the Sink ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Intra-cluster routing ................................................................................ 39 2.3.2 Inter-cluster routing ................................................................................ 39 2.3.3 Energy Consumption Model ................................................................... 41 3 Simulation And Results ....................................................................................................... 42 3.1 The distance traveled by mobile sink .................................................. 43 3.2 Network latency ................................................................................... 43 3.3 Energy Efficiency .................................................................................. 44 3.4 Successfully delivered packets (Throughput) ...................................... 45 4 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 47 Côte titre : MAI/0839 Energy efficiency routing protocol based on optimization of trajectory mobile sink in hierarchical wireless sensor networks [texte imprimé] / Wassim Bekhouche, Auteur ; Ibrahim el Khallil Haddad ; Riad Aouabed, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : Setif:UFA, 2024 . - 1 vol (54 f .) ; 29 cm. Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Thèses & Mémoires:Informatique Mots-clés : Wireless sensor network Hot-Spot Mobile sink Center of Gravity Rendezvous Points Ant colony optimization. Index. décimale : 004 - Informatique Résumé : This research addresses the problem of energy efficiency in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with a mobile base station (sink). It focuses on optimizing the trajectory of the mobile sink to ensure better network coverage. After an introduction to wireless networks and their applications, we present in detail the mobile sinks, their different types of mobility, and the various path optimization techniques used in this type of protocols. Based on these studies, a routing protocol has been proposed that is based on optimized Rendezvous Points, and the use of the ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm to generate the path followed by the mobile sink. Simulation scenarios have been conducted to confirm the efficiency and validity of our protocol. Note de contenu : Sommaire List of tables XII General Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Sensors Networks 2 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 2 Sensor Node .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Components of a Sensor Node ..................................................................... 4 2.2 Methods for placing sensor nodes in WSN .................................................. 5 2.2.1 Random placement .......................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Deterministic placement .................................................................. 5 3 WSNs Architecture .................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Protocol stack for wireless sensor networks ............................................... 5 3.1.1 Physical layer..................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Data Link layer .................................................................................. 6 3.1.3 Network layer ................................................................................... 7 3.1.4 Transport layer .................................................................................. 7 3.1.5 Application layer ............................................................................... 7 3.1.6 Management Planes Across Each Layer ........................................... 8 4 Application of Wireless Sensor Networks.................................................................. 9 4.1 Military Applications ..................................................................................... 9 4.2 Environmental monitoring ............................................................................ 10 4.3 Healthcare and Medical Applications ........................................................... 11 4.4 Home Applications ........................................................................................ 12 5 Network Topology ..................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Flat Architecture ............................................................................................ 12 5.2 Clustering Approach ..................................................................................... 13 6 Cluster Head Selection Algorithms ............................................................................ 14 6.1 Lowest ID Clustering Algorithm ..................................................................... 14 6.2 Highest Connectivity Clustering Algorithm ................................................... 14 6.3 Weighted Clustering Algorithm ..................................................................... 14 7 Intra-cluster routing ................................................................................................... 15 8 Inter-Cluster Routing ................................................................................................. 15 9 Classification Of Routing Protocols ............................................................................ 16 10 Hierarchical Routing Protocols ................................................................................ 17 10.1 LEACH Protocol ............................................................................................ 17 10.2 Advantages of LEACH .................................................................................. 19 10.3 Disadvantages of LEACH .............................................................................. 20 11 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2 Mobile Sink in WSNs 22 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 22 2 The Hot-Spot Problem in Static Sink .......................................................................... 22 2.1 Causes of The Hot-Spot Problem .................................................................. 22 2.2 Impacts of The Hot-Spot problem on network performance ....................... 23 3 Mobile Sink vs Static Sink ........................................................................................... 24 4 Mobile Sink ................................................................................................................ 25 4.1 Random Mobility ........................................................................................... 25 4.2 Fixed Mobility ................................................................................................ 26 4.3 Controlled Mobility ....................................................................................... 27 5 Advantages of Mobile Sinks ....................................................................................... 27 6 Challenges of using Mobile sinks ............................................................................... 28 7 Mobile Sink Path Optimization Techniques .................................................................... 28 7.1 Bio-inspired Techniques ...................................................................................... 28 7.1.1 Ant Colony Optimization ......................................................................... 28 7.1.2 Fireefly Algorithm .................................................................................... 29 7.1.3 Genetic Algorithms (GA) ......................................................................... 29 7.1.4 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) ....................................................... 29 7.2 Cluster-based Protocol.......................................................................................... 29 7.2.1 Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink Routing Algorithm (EEMSRA) ............. 29 7.2.2 Advantages of EEMSRA ..................................................................... 29 7.2.3 Drawbacks of EEMSRA ...................................................................... 30 7.3 Area-based Protocol ...................................................................................... 30 7.3.1 Line-based Data Dissemination (LBDD) ............................................ 30 7.3.2 Advantages of LBDD .......................................................................... 31 7.3.3 Drawbacks of LBDD ........................................................................... 31 7.4 Tree-Based Protocol ...................................................................................... 31 7.4.1 SPT-DGA Algorithm ........................................................................... 32 7.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of SPT-DGA .......................................... 32 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 Rendezvouz Points Optimization Protocol (OPT_RDV) 33 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 33 2 Overall description ..................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Assumptions .................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Initialization ................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Routing data to the Sink ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Intra-cluster routing ................................................................................ 39 2.3.2 Inter-cluster routing ................................................................................ 39 2.3.3 Energy Consumption Model ................................................................... 41 3 Simulation And Results ....................................................................................................... 42 3.1 The distance traveled by mobile sink .................................................. 43 3.2 Network latency ................................................................................... 43 3.3 Energy Efficiency .................................................................................. 44 3.4 Successfully delivered packets (Throughput) ...................................... 45 4 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 47 Côte titre : MAI/0839

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Synthesis and characterization of mixed oxides: experimental and theoretical study of their photocatalytic activity / Sarra Bouriachi

Public ISBD Titre : Synthesis and characterization of mixed oxides: experimental and theoretical study of their photocatalytic activity Type de document : document électronique Auteurs : Sarra Bouriachi, Auteur ; Ibrahim el Khallil Haddad, Directeur de thèse Editeur : Sétif:UFA1 Année de publication : 2024 Importance : 1 vol (112 f.) Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Thèses & Mémoires:Physique Mots-clés : LaFeO3 Nanopores Adsorption Photocatalysis Kinetic models DFT Index. décimale : 530 - Physique Résumé : In this study, LaFeO3 powders with crucial catalytic and photocatalytic performance were successfully prepared through the sol-gel method using chloride and ni trate salts. The influence of the used precursor on the crystallinity, morphology, specific surface area, and optical properties was investigated. TGA and XRD patterns confirmed the formation of the LaFeO3 orthorhombic perovskite phase (Pnma, #62). SEM images highlighted a significant effect of the precursor type on the surface morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. The obtained band gap varies between 2.19 - 2.27 eV. The kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies revealed that the adsorption of MB molecules on LaFeO3 nanoparticles fitted well with the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models. Moreover, the thermodynamic study demonstrated that the adsorption of MB on the LaFeO3 samples is spontaneous, exothermic, and more favorable at low temperatures while the magnitude of enthalpy changes energies suggested a physisorption. Hence, LaFeO3 samples prepared with chloride salts are expected to show high photodegradation efficiency of MB dye. In addition, our study was completed by the theoretical investigation, using DFT within GGA+U, of the Bulk and surface properties of LaFeO3. A perfect agreement is found between the experimental results and the theoretical ones. Note de contenu : Sommaire Chapter I: Literature Review I.1 Organic Dyes 8 I.2 Wastewater Treatment Methods 9 I.2.1 Adsorption 10 I.2.1.1 Types of Adsorption 11 1.2.2 Photocatalysis 11 I.2.2.1 Photocatalysis Mechanism 12 I.2.2.2 Types of Photocatalysis 13 I.3 Perovskite Type Oxide 14 I.3.1 Structure Distortion 15 I.3.2 LaFeO3 Perovskite 16 I.3.2.1 Crystal Structure 16 I.3.2.2 Magnetic and Electronic Structure 17 I.3.2.3 Surface Studies on LaFeO3 19 References 21 Chapter II: Experimental Techniques II.1 Sol-gel process 27 II.1.1 Basic Reactions in the Sol-Gel Process 27 II.1.2 Factors Influencing Sol-Gel Process 28 II.2 Characterization Techniques 29 II.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 30 II.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 31 II.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 33 II.2.4 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis (BET) 34 II.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 35 II.2.6 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 36 References 39 Chapter III: Theoretical Methods III.1 The Schrodinger Equation 42 III.2 Hartree-Fock Approximation 43 III.3 Density Functional Theory 43 III.3.1 Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem 44 III.3.2 The Kohn-Sham Method 44 III.3.3 Exchange-Correlation Functional 45 III.3.3.1 The Local Density Approximation (LDA) 46 III.3.3.2 Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) 46 III.3.4 DFT+U 47 III.3.4.1 Hubbard Parameter 47 III.3.4.2 Spin Polarization 48 III.3.5 Self-consistent Procedure 48 III.3.6 Plane Waves Approach 49 III.3.7 Pseudopotential Concept 50 III.3.7.1 Norm Conserving Pseudopotential 51 III.3.7.2 Ultrasoft Pseudopotential 52 III.4 DFT Programs 52 III.4.1 Cambridge Sequential Total Energy Package Code (CASTEP) 52 III.4.2 Dmol3 Code 52 References 54 Chapter IV: Synthesis and Characterization of LaFeO3 Perovskite IV.1 Experimental Procedure 57 IV.1.1 Chemicals 57 IV.1.2 Synthesis of LaFeO3 Based on Nitrate Salts 57 IV.1.3 Synthesis of LaFeO3 Based on Chloride Salts 58 IV.2 Results and Discussion 59 IV.2.1 Thermal Analysis (TGA and DTG) 59 IV.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 61 IV.2.3 BET Analysis 64 IV.2.4 Powders Morphology and Composition 64 IV.2.5 Optical Properties 68 IV.2.6 FTIR Spectroscopy 69 References 71 Chapter V: Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activities V.1 Experimental Procedure 75 V.1.1 Methylene Blue Preparation 75 V.1.2 Determination of the Optimum Adsorbent Mass 75 V.1.3 Point of Zero Charge (pHPZC) 76 V.1.4 Influence of the Contact Time 76 V.1.5 Adsorption Kinetics 76 V.1.6 Adsorption Isotherm 77 V.1.7 Adsorption Thermodynamics 78 V.1.8 Photocatalytic Study 78 V.2 Results and Discussion 79 V.2.1 Determination of the Optimum Adsorbent Mass 79 V.2.2 pHPZC Determination 79 V.2.3 Effect of the Contact Time 80 V.2.4 Adsorption Kinetics 81 V.2.5 Adsorption Isotherm 84 V.2.6 Adsorption Thermodynamics 85 V.2.7 Photocatalytic Activity Study 86 References 91 Chapter VI: DFT Calculation of LaFeO3 Properties and MB Adsorption VI.1 Computational Details 95 VI.1.1 Computational Method for Bulk LaFeO3 95 VI.1.2 Computational Method for LaFeO3 Surface 96 VI.2 Results and Discussions 97 VI.2.1 Structural Properties 97 VI.2.2 Electronic and Magnetic Properties 98 VI.2.3 Surface Optimization 102 VI.2.4 Optimization of the Adsorbate 103 VI.2.5 Methylene Blue Adsorption on LaFeO3 Surface 104 References 107 Côte titre : Dph/0310 Synthesis and characterization of mixed oxides: experimental and theoretical study of their photocatalytic activity [document électronique] / Sarra Bouriachi, Auteur ; Ibrahim el Khallil Haddad, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : Sétif:UFA1, 2024 . - 1 vol (112 f.). Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Thèses & Mémoires:Physique Mots-clés : LaFeO3 Nanopores Adsorption Photocatalysis Kinetic models DFT Index. décimale : 530 - Physique Résumé : In this study, LaFeO3 powders with crucial catalytic and photocatalytic performance were successfully prepared through the sol-gel method using chloride and ni trate salts. The influence of the used precursor on the crystallinity, morphology, specific surface area, and optical properties was investigated. TGA and XRD patterns confirmed the formation of the LaFeO3 orthorhombic perovskite phase (Pnma, #62). SEM images highlighted a significant effect of the precursor type on the surface morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. The obtained band gap varies between 2.19 - 2.27 eV. The kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies revealed that the adsorption of MB molecules on LaFeO3 nanoparticles fitted well with the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models. Moreover, the thermodynamic study demonstrated that the adsorption of MB on the LaFeO3 samples is spontaneous, exothermic, and more favorable at low temperatures while the magnitude of enthalpy changes energies suggested a physisorption. Hence, LaFeO3 samples prepared with chloride salts are expected to show high photodegradation efficiency of MB dye. In addition, our study was completed by the theoretical investigation, using DFT within GGA+U, of the Bulk and surface properties of LaFeO3. A perfect agreement is found between the experimental results and the theoretical ones. Note de contenu : Sommaire Chapter I: Literature Review I.1 Organic Dyes 8 I.2 Wastewater Treatment Methods 9 I.2.1 Adsorption 10 I.2.1.1 Types of Adsorption 11 1.2.2 Photocatalysis 11 I.2.2.1 Photocatalysis Mechanism 12 I.2.2.2 Types of Photocatalysis 13 I.3 Perovskite Type Oxide 14 I.3.1 Structure Distortion 15 I.3.2 LaFeO3 Perovskite 16 I.3.2.1 Crystal Structure 16 I.3.2.2 Magnetic and Electronic Structure 17 I.3.2.3 Surface Studies on LaFeO3 19 References 21 Chapter II: Experimental Techniques II.1 Sol-gel process 27 II.1.1 Basic Reactions in the Sol-Gel Process 27 II.1.2 Factors Influencing Sol-Gel Process 28 II.2 Characterization Techniques 29 II.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 30 II.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 31 II.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 33 II.2.4 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis (BET) 34 II.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 35 II.2.6 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 36 References 39 Chapter III: Theoretical Methods III.1 The Schrodinger Equation 42 III.2 Hartree-Fock Approximation 43 III.3 Density Functional Theory 43 III.3.1 Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem 44 III.3.2 The Kohn-Sham Method 44 III.3.3 Exchange-Correlation Functional 45 III.3.3.1 The Local Density Approximation (LDA) 46 III.3.3.2 Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) 46 III.3.4 DFT+U 47 III.3.4.1 Hubbard Parameter 47 III.3.4.2 Spin Polarization 48 III.3.5 Self-consistent Procedure 48 III.3.6 Plane Waves Approach 49 III.3.7 Pseudopotential Concept 50 III.3.7.1 Norm Conserving Pseudopotential 51 III.3.7.2 Ultrasoft Pseudopotential 52 III.4 DFT Programs 52 III.4.1 Cambridge Sequential Total Energy Package Code (CASTEP) 52 III.4.2 Dmol3 Code 52 References 54 Chapter IV: Synthesis and Characterization of LaFeO3 Perovskite IV.1 Experimental Procedure 57 IV.1.1 Chemicals 57 IV.1.2 Synthesis of LaFeO3 Based on Nitrate Salts 57 IV.1.3 Synthesis of LaFeO3 Based on Chloride Salts 58 IV.2 Results and Discussion 59 IV.2.1 Thermal Analysis (TGA and DTG) 59 IV.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 61 IV.2.3 BET Analysis 64 IV.2.4 Powders Morphology and Composition 64 IV.2.5 Optical Properties 68 IV.2.6 FTIR Spectroscopy 69 References 71 Chapter V: Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activities V.1 Experimental Procedure 75 V.1.1 Methylene Blue Preparation 75 V.1.2 Determination of the Optimum Adsorbent Mass 75 V.1.3 Point of Zero Charge (pHPZC) 76 V.1.4 Influence of the Contact Time 76 V.1.5 Adsorption Kinetics 76 V.1.6 Adsorption Isotherm 77 V.1.7 Adsorption Thermodynamics 78 V.1.8 Photocatalytic Study 78 V.2 Results and Discussion 79 V.2.1 Determination of the Optimum Adsorbent Mass 79 V.2.2 pHPZC Determination 79 V.2.3 Effect of the Contact Time 80 V.2.4 Adsorption Kinetics 81 V.2.5 Adsorption Isotherm 84 V.2.6 Adsorption Thermodynamics 85 V.2.7 Photocatalytic Activity Study 86 References 91 Chapter VI: DFT Calculation of LaFeO3 Properties and MB Adsorption VI.1 Computational Details 95 VI.1.1 Computational Method for Bulk LaFeO3 95 VI.1.2 Computational Method for LaFeO3 Surface 96 VI.2 Results and Discussions 97 VI.2.1 Structural Properties 97 VI.2.2 Electronic and Magnetic Properties 98 VI.2.3 Surface Optimization 102 VI.2.4 Optimization of the Adsorbate 103 VI.2.5 Methylene Blue Adsorption on LaFeO3 Surface 104 References 107 Côte titre : Dph/0310

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