|
| Titre : |
Evaluation of Radioelements and Heavy Metals using LIBS, XRF and Spectrometry Gamma Techniques in Quarry Dust |
| Type de document : |
document électronique |
| Auteurs : |
Khadra Zabar, Auteur ; Boukhenfouf,Wassila, Directeur de thèse |
| Editeur : |
Setif:UFA |
| Année de publication : |
2025 |
| Importance : |
1 vol (80 f.) |
| Format : |
29 cm |
| Langues : |
Anglais (eng) |
| Catégories : |
Thèses & Mémoires:Physique
|
| Mots-clés : |
Evaluation of Radioelements
LIBS
XRF |
| Index. décimale : |
530 - Physique |
| Résumé : |
Due tothepotentialhealthandenvironmentalrisksposedbydustgeneratedfromquarry
activities, astu
dywasconductedtodeterminethelevelsofnaturalradioactivity,thepresence
of radioactivenuclides,andheavyelementsinrocksamplesfromseveralquarries,including
sandstone,basalt,marble,anddolomite.Agamma-raydetectoroftypeNaI(Tl)wasusedto
measure radioactivity,whileXRFandLIBStechniqueswereemployedforelementalanalysis.
The resultsshowedthatradioactivitylevelsvarydependingonrocktype,withwhitemarble
showingthehighestactivityat47 ± 3 Bq/kgforUranium-238and122 ± 4 Bq/kgforPotassium-
40, whilesandstoneandbasaltrecordedlowervalues.TheannualdosefrominhaledRn-222
rangedfrom1nSv/yinsandstoneto40nSv/yinwhitemarble,allsignificantlylowerthanthe
internationallyrecommendedsafetylimitof1mSv/y(1,000,000nSv/y).
XRF analysisrevealedthatdolomitecontainedhighlevelsofCalcium(Ca),Iron(Fe),and
Manganese(Mn),whilewhitemarblewasrichincalciumandsilicon,andsandstoneshowed
high concentrationsofSilicon(Si)andiron.LIBSwasalsousedtodetecttraceelementsand
the finechemicalcompositionofthesamples.
Elements suchasFe,Si,Ca,Pb,Cu,andAlwereidentified.Theresultsshowedaclear
variationinelementalcompositionbetweenrocktypes,withhigherironcontentingreenmarble,
high siliconinsandstone,andhighcalciuminwhitemarbleanddolomite.
These findingshighlighttheimportanceofperiodicmonitoringofdust,radioactivema-
terials,andheavyelementsinquarrysitestoensurethelong-termsafetyofworkersandthe
surroundingenvironment. |
| Note de contenu : |
Sommaire
1 QuarryPollutionByHeavyNuclei15
1.1 QuarriesandEnvironment............................ 16
1.2 TypesofQuarries................................. 16
1.2.1 Sandstone:................................ 16
1.2.2 Granite:................................. 16
1.2.3 Marble:.................................. 16
1.3 KeyStagesintheLifecycleofaQuarry:..................... 17
1.3.1 ExtractionPlanning:........................... 17
1.3.2 Extraction:................................ 17
1.3.3 Processing:................................ 17
1.3.4 Transportation:.............................. 17
1.3.5 WasteManagement:........................... 17
1.3.6 SiteClosure:............................... 17
1.4 ManifestationsofPollutionCausedbyQuarryingActivities........... 18
1.4.1 AirPollution:.............................. 18
1.4.2 WaterPollution:............................. 18
1.4.3 SoilPollution:.............................. 18
1.4.4 NoisePollution:............................. 18
1.4.5 EnvironmentalDegradationandLandscapeChanges:......... 19
1.5 HeavyMetalPollutioninQuarries:........................ 19
1.6 GeologicalSourcesofHeavyMetals....................... 19
1.7 DustSourcesinMineralQuarryOperations................... 19
1.7.1 SoilHandling:.............................. 19
1.7.2 SubsurfaceHandling:.......................... 19
1.7.3 BlastingandExcavation:......................... 20
1.7.4 CrushingandScreening:......................... 20
1.8 TypesofDust................................... 20
1.9 Silicosis...................................... 20
1.9.1 TypesofSilicosis............................. 21
2 Radioactivity22
2.1 Radioactivity................................... 23
2.2 TypesofRadioactiveDecay............................ 23
2.2.1 AlphaDecay............................... 24
2.2.2 BetaDecay................................ 24
2.2.2.1 NegativeBetaDecay(ElectronEmission) ????− . ........ 24
2.2.2.2 PositiveBetaDecay(PositronEmission) ????+ . ........ 24
2.2.3 GammaDecay.............................. 25
2.3 NaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials(NORM).............. 26
2.4 MainTypesofNaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials............ 26
2.4.1 PrimordialRadionuclides:........................ 26
2.4.2 CosmogenicRadionuclides:....................... 26
2.5 RadiationExposure................................ 26
2.6 AnnualRadiationExposureDistribution..................... 26
2.7 RadioactiveFamilies............................... 27
2.7.1 Uranium:................................. 27
2.7.1.1 Uranium238......................... 27
2.7.1.2 Uranium235......................... 28
2.7.2 Thorium................................. 28
2.7.3 Potassium:................................ 29
2.8 FundamentalLawsofRadioactivity....................... 30
2.8.1 RadioactiveDecayLaw......................... 30
2.8.2 Integratingthisgives:.......................... 30
2.9 Theactivity.................................... 31
2.10 TheNaturalPresenceofRadiationinDifferentEnvironmentalComponents.. 31
3 TECHNIQUESDETECTIONOFHEAVYNUCLEI33
3.1 Interactionphoton-matière............................ 34
3.1.1 Photoelectriceffect............................ 34
3.1.2 ComptonEffect.............................. 35
3.1.3 PairProductionEffect.......................... 36
3.2 Detection..................................... 37
3.2.1 GammaSpectrometry.......................... 37
3.2.2 GammaSpectrometryMeasurementChain............... 38
3.3 DetectorNaI(T1)................................. 38
3.3.1 ScintillationDetector.......................... 38
3.3.1.1 Thescintillator......................... 38
3.3.1.2 Thephotomultipliertube(PM)................ 38
3.3.2 SodiumiodidedopedwiththalliumScintillationDetector....... 39
3.3.3 AssociatedElectronics.......................... 39
3.3.4 AcquisitionComputer(PC)....................... 40
3.4 SpecificActivityCalculation........................... 40
3.5 UncertaintyinSpecificActivity......................... 40
3.5.1 RandomForest.............................. 41
3.5.1.1 KeyIdeasBehindBuildingaRandomForest......... 41
3.5.1.2 PropertiesandOutcomesofRandomForests......... 42
3.5.2 Findpeaks................................ 42
3.6 X-rayfluorescencespectrometry......................... 43
3.6.1 SampleExcitation............................ 44
3.6.2 ElectronicRearrangementandEmission................. 44
3.6.3 DetectionandIdentification....................... 44
3.6.4 AnalysisandQuantification....................... 44
3.7 LIBSTechnique................................. 44
3.7.1 SpectroscopyLaser-InducedBreakdownSpectroscopy(LIBS)..... 45
3.7.1.1 ThePhysicalFoundationoftheMethod............ 45
3.7.1.2 MeasurementChain...................... 45
3.7.2 LIBSApplications............................ 46
3.7.3 AdvantagesandLimitations....................... 47
4 ExperimentalPart48
4.1 Theobjectivesofthestudy............................ 49
4.2 Gammaspectrometrytechnic........................... 49
4.2.1 Sampling................................. 49
4.2.2 SamplePreparationforSpectrometryGammaDetector......... 49
4.2.3 CalibrationoftheSpectrometryChain.................. 50
4.2.3.1 Energycalibration....................... 50
4.2.3.2 EfficiencyCalibration..................... 52
4.2.4 ActivityCalculation........................... 53
4.2.5 Results.................................. 59
4.2.5.1 Qualitativeandquantitativeanalyses............. 59
4.2.6 EstimatedAverageInhalationRateofAirborneParticulateMatter(PM): 62
4.2.6.1 UrbanOutdoorEnvironment:................. 62
4.2.6.2 CleanIndoorEnvironment(e.g.,residentialorofficesettings): 63
........
|
| Côte titre : |
MAPH/0710 |
Evaluation of Radioelements and Heavy Metals using LIBS, XRF and Spectrometry Gamma Techniques in Quarry Dust [document électronique] / Khadra Zabar, Auteur ; Boukhenfouf,Wassila, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : Setif:UFA, 2025 . - 1 vol (80 f.) ; 29 cm. Langues : Anglais ( eng)
| Catégories : |
Thèses & Mémoires:Physique
|
| Mots-clés : |
Evaluation of Radioelements
LIBS
XRF |
| Index. décimale : |
530 - Physique |
| Résumé : |
Due tothepotentialhealthandenvironmentalrisksposedbydustgeneratedfromquarry
activities, astu
dywasconductedtodeterminethelevelsofnaturalradioactivity,thepresence
of radioactivenuclides,andheavyelementsinrocksamplesfromseveralquarries,including
sandstone,basalt,marble,anddolomite.Agamma-raydetectoroftypeNaI(Tl)wasusedto
measure radioactivity,whileXRFandLIBStechniqueswereemployedforelementalanalysis.
The resultsshowedthatradioactivitylevelsvarydependingonrocktype,withwhitemarble
showingthehighestactivityat47 ± 3 Bq/kgforUranium-238and122 ± 4 Bq/kgforPotassium-
40, whilesandstoneandbasaltrecordedlowervalues.TheannualdosefrominhaledRn-222
rangedfrom1nSv/yinsandstoneto40nSv/yinwhitemarble,allsignificantlylowerthanthe
internationallyrecommendedsafetylimitof1mSv/y(1,000,000nSv/y).
XRF analysisrevealedthatdolomitecontainedhighlevelsofCalcium(Ca),Iron(Fe),and
Manganese(Mn),whilewhitemarblewasrichincalciumandsilicon,andsandstoneshowed
high concentrationsofSilicon(Si)andiron.LIBSwasalsousedtodetecttraceelementsand
the finechemicalcompositionofthesamples.
Elements suchasFe,Si,Ca,Pb,Cu,andAlwereidentified.Theresultsshowedaclear
variationinelementalcompositionbetweenrocktypes,withhigherironcontentingreenmarble,
high siliconinsandstone,andhighcalciuminwhitemarbleanddolomite.
These findingshighlighttheimportanceofperiodicmonitoringofdust,radioactivema-
terials,andheavyelementsinquarrysitestoensurethelong-termsafetyofworkersandthe
surroundingenvironment. |
| Note de contenu : |
Sommaire
1 QuarryPollutionByHeavyNuclei15
1.1 QuarriesandEnvironment............................ 16
1.2 TypesofQuarries................................. 16
1.2.1 Sandstone:................................ 16
1.2.2 Granite:................................. 16
1.2.3 Marble:.................................. 16
1.3 KeyStagesintheLifecycleofaQuarry:..................... 17
1.3.1 ExtractionPlanning:........................... 17
1.3.2 Extraction:................................ 17
1.3.3 Processing:................................ 17
1.3.4 Transportation:.............................. 17
1.3.5 WasteManagement:........................... 17
1.3.6 SiteClosure:............................... 17
1.4 ManifestationsofPollutionCausedbyQuarryingActivities........... 18
1.4.1 AirPollution:.............................. 18
1.4.2 WaterPollution:............................. 18
1.4.3 SoilPollution:.............................. 18
1.4.4 NoisePollution:............................. 18
1.4.5 EnvironmentalDegradationandLandscapeChanges:......... 19
1.5 HeavyMetalPollutioninQuarries:........................ 19
1.6 GeologicalSourcesofHeavyMetals....................... 19
1.7 DustSourcesinMineralQuarryOperations................... 19
1.7.1 SoilHandling:.............................. 19
1.7.2 SubsurfaceHandling:.......................... 19
1.7.3 BlastingandExcavation:......................... 20
1.7.4 CrushingandScreening:......................... 20
1.8 TypesofDust................................... 20
1.9 Silicosis...................................... 20
1.9.1 TypesofSilicosis............................. 21
2 Radioactivity22
2.1 Radioactivity................................... 23
2.2 TypesofRadioactiveDecay............................ 23
2.2.1 AlphaDecay............................... 24
2.2.2 BetaDecay................................ 24
2.2.2.1 NegativeBetaDecay(ElectronEmission) ????− . ........ 24
2.2.2.2 PositiveBetaDecay(PositronEmission) ????+ . ........ 24
2.2.3 GammaDecay.............................. 25
2.3 NaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials(NORM).............. 26
2.4 MainTypesofNaturallyOccurringRadioactiveMaterials............ 26
2.4.1 PrimordialRadionuclides:........................ 26
2.4.2 CosmogenicRadionuclides:....................... 26
2.5 RadiationExposure................................ 26
2.6 AnnualRadiationExposureDistribution..................... 26
2.7 RadioactiveFamilies............................... 27
2.7.1 Uranium:................................. 27
2.7.1.1 Uranium238......................... 27
2.7.1.2 Uranium235......................... 28
2.7.2 Thorium................................. 28
2.7.3 Potassium:................................ 29
2.8 FundamentalLawsofRadioactivity....................... 30
2.8.1 RadioactiveDecayLaw......................... 30
2.8.2 Integratingthisgives:.......................... 30
2.9 Theactivity.................................... 31
2.10 TheNaturalPresenceofRadiationinDifferentEnvironmentalComponents.. 31
3 TECHNIQUESDETECTIONOFHEAVYNUCLEI33
3.1 Interactionphoton-matière............................ 34
3.1.1 Photoelectriceffect............................ 34
3.1.2 ComptonEffect.............................. 35
3.1.3 PairProductionEffect.......................... 36
3.2 Detection..................................... 37
3.2.1 GammaSpectrometry.......................... 37
3.2.2 GammaSpectrometryMeasurementChain............... 38
3.3 DetectorNaI(T1)................................. 38
3.3.1 ScintillationDetector.......................... 38
3.3.1.1 Thescintillator......................... 38
3.3.1.2 Thephotomultipliertube(PM)................ 38
3.3.2 SodiumiodidedopedwiththalliumScintillationDetector....... 39
3.3.3 AssociatedElectronics.......................... 39
3.3.4 AcquisitionComputer(PC)....................... 40
3.4 SpecificActivityCalculation........................... 40
3.5 UncertaintyinSpecificActivity......................... 40
3.5.1 RandomForest.............................. 41
3.5.1.1 KeyIdeasBehindBuildingaRandomForest......... 41
3.5.1.2 PropertiesandOutcomesofRandomForests......... 42
3.5.2 Findpeaks................................ 42
3.6 X-rayfluorescencespectrometry......................... 43
3.6.1 SampleExcitation............................ 44
3.6.2 ElectronicRearrangementandEmission................. 44
3.6.3 DetectionandIdentification....................... 44
3.6.4 AnalysisandQuantification....................... 44
3.7 LIBSTechnique................................. 44
3.7.1 SpectroscopyLaser-InducedBreakdownSpectroscopy(LIBS)..... 45
3.7.1.1 ThePhysicalFoundationoftheMethod............ 45
3.7.1.2 MeasurementChain...................... 45
3.7.2 LIBSApplications............................ 46
3.7.3 AdvantagesandLimitations....................... 47
4 ExperimentalPart48
4.1 Theobjectivesofthestudy............................ 49
4.2 Gammaspectrometrytechnic........................... 49
4.2.1 Sampling................................. 49
4.2.2 SamplePreparationforSpectrometryGammaDetector......... 49
4.2.3 CalibrationoftheSpectrometryChain.................. 50
4.2.3.1 Energycalibration....................... 50
4.2.3.2 EfficiencyCalibration..................... 52
4.2.4 ActivityCalculation........................... 53
4.2.5 Results.................................. 59
4.2.5.1 Qualitativeandquantitativeanalyses............. 59
4.2.6 EstimatedAverageInhalationRateofAirborneParticulateMatter(PM): 62
4.2.6.1 UrbanOutdoorEnvironment:................. 62
4.2.6.2 CleanIndoorEnvironment(e.g.,residentialorofficesettings): 63
........
|
| Côte titre : |
MAPH/0710 |
|
Evaluation of Radioelements and Heavy Metals using LIBS, XRF and Spectrometry Gamma Techniques in Quarry Dust
