|
| Titre : |
Blockchain for Scalable Data and Security in IoV |
| Type de document : |
document électronique |
| Auteurs : |
Youcef Islam Badreddine ; Karam Allah Naili ; Sarra Cherbal, Directeur de thèse |
| Editeur : |
Setif:UFA |
| Année de publication : |
2025 |
| Importance : |
1 vol (55 f .) |
| Format : |
29 cm |
| Langues : |
Anglais (eng) |
| Catégories : |
Thèses & Mémoires:Informatique
|
| Mots-clés : |
Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
Blockchain
Layer 2
ZkSync
Machine Learning
Smart Contracts
Scalability
Security
Reputation Management. |
| Index. décimale : |
004 Informatique |
| Résumé : |
The rapid evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) introduces major challenges
in terms of scalability, data integrity, and security. Traditional centralized systems
and single-layer blockchain architectures struggle to handle the high volume of
real-time vehicular data efficiently. This thesis proposes an IoV framework that
applies the recent concept of Layer 2 blockchain along with a machine learning
(ML) model to address these limitations. Layer 1 ensures decentralized trust and
secure storage, while Layer 2 (zkSync) significantly improves transaction throughput
and reduces gas fees through off-chain processing. A machine learning model
deployed at Roadside Units (RSUs) validates events in real-time, distinguishing
between valid and malicious data. Smart contracts then manage a reputation
score for each vehicle, rewarding honest behavior and penalizing false reporting.
The system was implemented using Hyperledger Geth, Docker, and smart contracts,
with performance benchmarking conducted via Caliper. Experimental results
demonstrate a substantial improvement in system performance when using
Layer 2 (zkSync) compared to Layer 1: throughput more than tripled, latency
was reduced by approximately 64.63%, CPU usage decreased by around 33% for
3000 transactions, and gas fees were lowered by 42.91%. This integrated approach
demonstrates that combining Layer 2 blockchain and ML enables scalable, secure,
and intelligent vehicular networks. |
| Note de contenu : |
Sommaire
Abstract ii
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
List of Acronyms viii
General Introduction 1
1 IoV and Blockchain 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Internet of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Mechanism . . . . . 7
1.4.2 Blockchain Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 Certificate Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.4 Ordering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.5 Ledger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.6 Smart Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.7 Peer Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.8 Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.9 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.10 System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.11 Wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.12 Systems Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.13 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Blockchain Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.1 Layer 1 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.2 Layer 2 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Related work 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Related approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Critical Analysis of Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Research gap and our contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 Improvements needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2 Filling the gap with our work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Scalable and Secure IoV Framework Using Layer 2 Blockchain
and Machine Learning 25
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 The proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.1 System entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4 System phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.1 Generating Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2 Passing Events on ML model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3 Explaining Random Forest ML model work . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.4 Storing Data and update Reputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.5 Authorizing RSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.6 Layer 2 Blockchain for Scalable IoV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.7 Layer 2 Combining Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Flowchart diagram of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Implementation and Results 38
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Implementation tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.1 Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.2 MetaMask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.3 Caliper Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.4 Hardhat-deploy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.5 Rust Ethereum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.6 Venv in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Implementation steps and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.1 Creating the smart contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.2 Storing Reputation and Vehicle ID on Blockchain . . . . . . 43
4.3.3 Deploying the Smart Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.4 The Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Performance evaluation of blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.1 Performance metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.2 Evaluation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
General Conclusion 52 |
| Côte titre : |
MAI/0993 |
Blockchain for Scalable Data and Security in IoV [document électronique] / Youcef Islam Badreddine ; Karam Allah Naili ; Sarra Cherbal, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : Setif:UFA, 2025 . - 1 vol (55 f .) ; 29 cm. Langues : Anglais ( eng)
| Catégories : |
Thèses & Mémoires:Informatique
|
| Mots-clés : |
Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
Blockchain
Layer 2
ZkSync
Machine Learning
Smart Contracts
Scalability
Security
Reputation Management. |
| Index. décimale : |
004 Informatique |
| Résumé : |
The rapid evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) introduces major challenges
in terms of scalability, data integrity, and security. Traditional centralized systems
and single-layer blockchain architectures struggle to handle the high volume of
real-time vehicular data efficiently. This thesis proposes an IoV framework that
applies the recent concept of Layer 2 blockchain along with a machine learning
(ML) model to address these limitations. Layer 1 ensures decentralized trust and
secure storage, while Layer 2 (zkSync) significantly improves transaction throughput
and reduces gas fees through off-chain processing. A machine learning model
deployed at Roadside Units (RSUs) validates events in real-time, distinguishing
between valid and malicious data. Smart contracts then manage a reputation
score for each vehicle, rewarding honest behavior and penalizing false reporting.
The system was implemented using Hyperledger Geth, Docker, and smart contracts,
with performance benchmarking conducted via Caliper. Experimental results
demonstrate a substantial improvement in system performance when using
Layer 2 (zkSync) compared to Layer 1: throughput more than tripled, latency
was reduced by approximately 64.63%, CPU usage decreased by around 33% for
3000 transactions, and gas fees were lowered by 42.91%. This integrated approach
demonstrates that combining Layer 2 blockchain and ML enables scalable, secure,
and intelligent vehicular networks. |
| Note de contenu : |
Sommaire
Abstract ii
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
List of Acronyms viii
General Introduction 1
1 IoV and Blockchain 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Internet of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Mechanism . . . . . 7
1.4.2 Blockchain Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 Certificate Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.4 Ordering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.5 Ledger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.6 Smart Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.7 Peer Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.8 Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.9 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.10 System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.11 Wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.12 Systems Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.13 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Blockchain Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.1 Layer 1 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.2 Layer 2 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Related work 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Related approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Critical Analysis of Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Research gap and our contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1 Improvements needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.2 Filling the gap with our work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Scalable and Secure IoV Framework Using Layer 2 Blockchain
and Machine Learning 25
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 The proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.1 System entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4 System phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.1 Generating Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.4.2 Passing Events on ML model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3 Explaining Random Forest ML model work . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.4 Storing Data and update Reputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.5 Authorizing RSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.6 Layer 2 Blockchain for Scalable IoV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.7 Layer 2 Combining Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Flowchart diagram of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Implementation and Results 38
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2 Implementation tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.1 Docker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2.2 MetaMask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.3 Caliper Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.4 Hardhat-deploy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.5 Rust Ethereum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.6 Venv in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Implementation steps and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.1 Creating the smart contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.2 Storing Reputation and Vehicle ID on Blockchain . . . . . . 43
4.3.3 Deploying the Smart Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.4 The Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Performance evaluation of blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.1 Performance metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.2 Evaluation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
General Conclusion 52 |
| Côte titre : |
MAI/0993 |
|
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