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Neural networks for pattern recognition / Christopher M. Bishop
Titre : Neural networks for pattern recognition Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Christopher M. Bishop Editeur : Oxford : Clarendon Press Année de publication : 1995 Importance : xvii, 482 p. Présentation : ill. Format : 24 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-0-19-853864-6 Catégories : Informatique Mots-clés : Réseaux neuronaux (informatique)
Reconnaissance multivuesIndex. décimale : 006.4 Reconnaissance des formes par ordinateur Résumé :
C'est le premier traitement complet des réseaux de neurones à action directe du point de vue de la reconnaissance des formes statistiques. Après avoir présenté les concepts de base, le livre examine les techniques de modélisation des fonctions de densité de probabilité et les propriétés et mérites des modèles de réseaux perceptron multi-couche et de base radiale. Sont également abordées diverses formes de fonctions d'erreur, les algorithmes principaux pour la minimisation de la fonction d'erreur, l'apprentissage et la généralisation dans les réseaux de neurones, et les techniques bayésiennes et leurs applications. Conçu comme un texte, avec plus de 100 exercices, ce travail entièrement à jour bénéficiera à toute personne impliquée dans les domaines du calcul neuronal et de la reconnaissance de formes.Note de contenu :
Sommaire :
1, Statistical pattern recognition
2, Probability density estimation
3, Single-layer networks
4, The multi-layer perceptron
5, Radial basis functions
6, Error functions
7, Parameter optimization algorithms
8, Pre-processing and feature extraction
9, Learning and generalization
10, Bayesian techniquesCôte titre : Fs/19808 Neural networks for pattern recognition [texte imprimé] / Christopher M. Bishop . - Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1995 . - xvii, 482 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN : 978-0-19-853864-6
Catégories : Informatique Mots-clés : Réseaux neuronaux (informatique)
Reconnaissance multivuesIndex. décimale : 006.4 Reconnaissance des formes par ordinateur Résumé :
C'est le premier traitement complet des réseaux de neurones à action directe du point de vue de la reconnaissance des formes statistiques. Après avoir présenté les concepts de base, le livre examine les techniques de modélisation des fonctions de densité de probabilité et les propriétés et mérites des modèles de réseaux perceptron multi-couche et de base radiale. Sont également abordées diverses formes de fonctions d'erreur, les algorithmes principaux pour la minimisation de la fonction d'erreur, l'apprentissage et la généralisation dans les réseaux de neurones, et les techniques bayésiennes et leurs applications. Conçu comme un texte, avec plus de 100 exercices, ce travail entièrement à jour bénéficiera à toute personne impliquée dans les domaines du calcul neuronal et de la reconnaissance de formes.Note de contenu :
Sommaire :
1, Statistical pattern recognition
2, Probability density estimation
3, Single-layer networks
4, The multi-layer perceptron
5, Radial basis functions
6, Error functions
7, Parameter optimization algorithms
8, Pre-processing and feature extraction
9, Learning and generalization
10, Bayesian techniquesCôte titre : Fs/19808 Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité Fs/19808 Fs/19808 Livre Bibliothéque des sciences Français Disponible
DisponibleNuclear and particle physics / William S.C. Williams
Titre : Nuclear and particle physics Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : William S.C. Williams, Auteur Editeur : Oxford : Clarendon Press Année de publication : 1991 Autre Editeur : New York : Oxford university press Importance : 1 vol. (385 p.) Présentation : ill., couv. ill. en coul. Format : 25 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-0-19-852046-7 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Physique Mots-clés : Physique nucléaire Index. décimale : 539.7 Physique atomique et nucléaire Résumé :
A unique balance of particle and nuclear physics is presented in this outstanding introduction to the field. Nuclear properties, decay, structure and reactions are covered initially, followed by discussions of nuclear forces, B-decay, and elementary particles and their interactions. Further chapters include strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, and an up-to-date presentation of the problems facing particle physics. Whenever possible, the reader is encouraged to appreciate the quantitative aspect of a phenomenon in addition to learning a descriptive explanation. Many illustrations supplement this excellent text.Note de contenu :
Table des matières
Contents 1
Introduction
1.1 Historical perspective 1.2 The Rutherford scattering formula 1.3 The properties of the Rutherford differential cross-section 1.4 The experiments of Rutherford and his colleagues 1.5 Examination of the assumptions 1.6 The nuclear constituents 1.7 What is coming? Reference
2 Some Quantitative Formalities
2.1 Introduction 2.2 The scale of nuclear physics and suitable units 2.3 The radioactive decay law 2.4 Multimodal decays 2.5 The production of radioactive material 2.6 Sequential decays 2.7 The measurement of the transition rate 2.8 Radioactive dating 2.9 Decay and the uncertainty principle 2.10 Collisions and cross-sections 2.11 Probabilities, expectations, and fluctuations References
3 The Size and Shape of Nuclei
3.1 The size of nuclei 3.2 The scattering of electrons by nuclei 3.3 The nuclear electric charge distribution 3.4 The nuclear electric form-factor 3.5 The isotope shift 3.6 X-ray spectroscopy of mu-mesic atoms 3.7 Nuclear scattering and nuclear size 3.8 Overview of size determinations 3.9 The shape of nuclei References Contents ix
4 The Masses of Nuclei
4.1 The naturally occurring nuclei 4.2 The nuclear binding energy 4.3 The liquid drop model 4.4 The Coulomb and asymmetry terms 4.5 The implications of the semi-empirical mass formula 4.6 Conclusions
5 Nuclear Instability
5.1 Nuclear decay 5.2 Energy-level diagrams 5.3 More on /?-decay The stability of nuclei Spontaneous fission Tricks with transition rates Conclusion Reference
6 Alpha Decay
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Other properties of a-decay 6.3 The simple theory of Coulomb barrier penetration 6.4 The angular momentum barrier 6.5 Decay schemes involving a-particle emission 6.6 Barriers in other decays 6.7 Some conclusions References 7 Nuclear Collisions and Reactions
7.1 Historical introduction 7.2 Matters of definition 7.3 Kinematics of nuclear collisions 7.4 Conservation laws in nuclear collisions and reactions? 7.5 What can we learn from studying nuclear reactions 7.6 Nuclear spectroscopy 7.7 The compound nucleus model 7.8 Compound state properties 7.9 Direct reactions 7.10 Compound state to direct 7.11 Elastic scattering 7.12 Induced fission and the fission reactor 7.13 Reactor control and delayed neutron emission 7.14 Energy from nuclear fusion x Contents
7.15 Conclusion References 8 Nuclear Models
8.1 Introduction 8.2 The magic numbers 1 8.3 The shell model: preliminaries 8.4 The spin-orbit interaction 8.5 The magic numbers 2 8.6 The spins and parities of nuclear ground states 8.7 Electromagnetic moments: magnetic dipole 8.8 Electromagnetic moments: electric quadrupole 8.9 Excited states in the shell model 8.10 The collective model and other developments 8.11 Reconciliation 8.12 Au revoir to nuclei 9 Forces and Interactions
10 Hadrons and the Quark-Parton Model
10.1 Introduction 10.2 The hadrons 10.3 The quark-parton Model: Stage I 10.4 The quark-parton Model: Stage II 10.5 The quark-parton Model: Stage III. Heavy flavours 10.6 Producing heavy flavours 10.7 The value of R and colour 10.8 Resonances in e+e" annihilation and quarkonia 10.9 Fragmentation 10.10 Further evidence for quarks -md gluons
10.11 Isotopic spin 10.12 Conclusion References 11 The Electromagnetic Interaction
11.1 Introduction 11.2 The energy loss by ionization 11.3 The bremsstrahlung process 11.4 Photon absorption and scattering 11.5 The radiation of photons by nuclei and particles 11.6 Rates for electric transitions 11.7 Rates for magnetic transitions 11.8 Selection rules in y-ray emission 11.9 Nuclear isomerism 11.10 Other electromagnetic processes 11.11 Resonance fluorescence and absorption of photons 11.12 Summary References
12 The Weak Interaction
12.1 A review 12.2 Neutrino and antineutrino 12.3 Neutrinos galore 12.4 The W and Z gauge bosons 12.5 The Fermi theory of jß-decay 12.6 The Kurie plot 12.7 The ft value and some approximations 12.8 Fermi's coupling constant 12.9 Through the looking-glass 12.10 Neutrinos and the looking-glass 12.11 Neutrino scattering 12.12 Neutrino mass 12.13 Another neutrino problem 12.14 Conclusion References 13 Particles: Summary and Outlook
13.1 The conservation laws 13.2 Recognizing what is going on 13.3 CP violation 13.4 The standard model 13.5 Beyond the standard model 13.6 Grand unified theories 13.7 Proton decay detectors 13.8 Theories of everything
13.9 Open questions References 14 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics
14.1 The expanding Universe 14.2 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 14.3 Stellar evolution 14.4 Stellar nucleosynthesis 1 14.5 Stellar nucleosynthesis 2 14.6 Nucleosynthesis: summary 14.7 Neutrinos in stellar evolution 1 14.8 Neutrinos in stellar evolution 2 14.9 Supernovae 14.10 SN1987A 14.11 Black hole formation 14.12 Now and the future 14.13 The first 225 seconds 14.14 Conclusion References IndexCôte titre : Fs/5616 Nuclear and particle physics [texte imprimé] / William S.C. Williams, Auteur . - Oxford : Clarendon Press : New York : Oxford university press, 1991 . - 1 vol. (385 p.) : ill., couv. ill. en coul. ; 25 cm.
ISBN : 978-0-19-852046-7
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : Physique Mots-clés : Physique nucléaire Index. décimale : 539.7 Physique atomique et nucléaire Résumé :
A unique balance of particle and nuclear physics is presented in this outstanding introduction to the field. Nuclear properties, decay, structure and reactions are covered initially, followed by discussions of nuclear forces, B-decay, and elementary particles and their interactions. Further chapters include strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, and an up-to-date presentation of the problems facing particle physics. Whenever possible, the reader is encouraged to appreciate the quantitative aspect of a phenomenon in addition to learning a descriptive explanation. Many illustrations supplement this excellent text.Note de contenu :
Table des matières
Contents 1
Introduction
1.1 Historical perspective 1.2 The Rutherford scattering formula 1.3 The properties of the Rutherford differential cross-section 1.4 The experiments of Rutherford and his colleagues 1.5 Examination of the assumptions 1.6 The nuclear constituents 1.7 What is coming? Reference
2 Some Quantitative Formalities
2.1 Introduction 2.2 The scale of nuclear physics and suitable units 2.3 The radioactive decay law 2.4 Multimodal decays 2.5 The production of radioactive material 2.6 Sequential decays 2.7 The measurement of the transition rate 2.8 Radioactive dating 2.9 Decay and the uncertainty principle 2.10 Collisions and cross-sections 2.11 Probabilities, expectations, and fluctuations References
3 The Size and Shape of Nuclei
3.1 The size of nuclei 3.2 The scattering of electrons by nuclei 3.3 The nuclear electric charge distribution 3.4 The nuclear electric form-factor 3.5 The isotope shift 3.6 X-ray spectroscopy of mu-mesic atoms 3.7 Nuclear scattering and nuclear size 3.8 Overview of size determinations 3.9 The shape of nuclei References Contents ix
4 The Masses of Nuclei
4.1 The naturally occurring nuclei 4.2 The nuclear binding energy 4.3 The liquid drop model 4.4 The Coulomb and asymmetry terms 4.5 The implications of the semi-empirical mass formula 4.6 Conclusions
5 Nuclear Instability
5.1 Nuclear decay 5.2 Energy-level diagrams 5.3 More on /?-decay The stability of nuclei Spontaneous fission Tricks with transition rates Conclusion Reference
6 Alpha Decay
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Other properties of a-decay 6.3 The simple theory of Coulomb barrier penetration 6.4 The angular momentum barrier 6.5 Decay schemes involving a-particle emission 6.6 Barriers in other decays 6.7 Some conclusions References 7 Nuclear Collisions and Reactions
7.1 Historical introduction 7.2 Matters of definition 7.3 Kinematics of nuclear collisions 7.4 Conservation laws in nuclear collisions and reactions? 7.5 What can we learn from studying nuclear reactions 7.6 Nuclear spectroscopy 7.7 The compound nucleus model 7.8 Compound state properties 7.9 Direct reactions 7.10 Compound state to direct 7.11 Elastic scattering 7.12 Induced fission and the fission reactor 7.13 Reactor control and delayed neutron emission 7.14 Energy from nuclear fusion x Contents
7.15 Conclusion References 8 Nuclear Models
8.1 Introduction 8.2 The magic numbers 1 8.3 The shell model: preliminaries 8.4 The spin-orbit interaction 8.5 The magic numbers 2 8.6 The spins and parities of nuclear ground states 8.7 Electromagnetic moments: magnetic dipole 8.8 Electromagnetic moments: electric quadrupole 8.9 Excited states in the shell model 8.10 The collective model and other developments 8.11 Reconciliation 8.12 Au revoir to nuclei 9 Forces and Interactions
10 Hadrons and the Quark-Parton Model
10.1 Introduction 10.2 The hadrons 10.3 The quark-parton Model: Stage I 10.4 The quark-parton Model: Stage II 10.5 The quark-parton Model: Stage III. Heavy flavours 10.6 Producing heavy flavours 10.7 The value of R and colour 10.8 Resonances in e+e" annihilation and quarkonia 10.9 Fragmentation 10.10 Further evidence for quarks -md gluons
10.11 Isotopic spin 10.12 Conclusion References 11 The Electromagnetic Interaction
11.1 Introduction 11.2 The energy loss by ionization 11.3 The bremsstrahlung process 11.4 Photon absorption and scattering 11.5 The radiation of photons by nuclei and particles 11.6 Rates for electric transitions 11.7 Rates for magnetic transitions 11.8 Selection rules in y-ray emission 11.9 Nuclear isomerism 11.10 Other electromagnetic processes 11.11 Resonance fluorescence and absorption of photons 11.12 Summary References
12 The Weak Interaction
12.1 A review 12.2 Neutrino and antineutrino 12.3 Neutrinos galore 12.4 The W and Z gauge bosons 12.5 The Fermi theory of jß-decay 12.6 The Kurie plot 12.7 The ft value and some approximations 12.8 Fermi's coupling constant 12.9 Through the looking-glass 12.10 Neutrinos and the looking-glass 12.11 Neutrino scattering 12.12 Neutrino mass 12.13 Another neutrino problem 12.14 Conclusion References 13 Particles: Summary and Outlook
13.1 The conservation laws 13.2 Recognizing what is going on 13.3 CP violation 13.4 The standard model 13.5 Beyond the standard model 13.6 Grand unified theories 13.7 Proton decay detectors 13.8 Theories of everything
13.9 Open questions References 14 Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics
14.1 The expanding Universe 14.2 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 14.3 Stellar evolution 14.4 Stellar nucleosynthesis 1 14.5 Stellar nucleosynthesis 2 14.6 Nucleosynthesis: summary 14.7 Neutrinos in stellar evolution 1 14.8 Neutrinos in stellar evolution 2 14.9 Supernovae 14.10 SN1987A 14.11 Black hole formation 14.12 Now and the future 14.13 The first 225 seconds 14.14 Conclusion References IndexCôte titre : Fs/5616 Exemplaires (1)
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité Fs/5616 Fs/5616 Livre Bibliothéque des sciences Anglais Disponible
DisponiblePhysical optics / Akhmanov, SergueA
Titre : Physical optics Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Akhmanov, SergueA, Auteur ; S. Yu Nikitin, Auteur Editeur : Oxford : Clarendon Press Année de publication : 1997 Autre Editeur : Oxford : Oxford university press Importance : 1 vol. (488 p.) Présentation : ill., fig. Format : 25 cm ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-0-19-851795-5 Note générale : 978-0-19-851795-5 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : Physique Mots-clés : Optique physique Index. décimale : 535.2 - Optique physique (optique cohérente et non linéaire) Résumé :
Fournir une image de l'optique physique moderne comme un expert verrait, cette exposition claire des idées les plus utiles de l'optique sera accessible aux étudiants de premier cycle. Ce manuel couvre à la fois l'optique classique et moderne et est basée sur un cours offert par l'Université de Moscou au cours des dernières années - l'objectif principal était de fournir une présentation complète des fondamentaux du sujet. Contenant une proportion beaucoup plus élevée de matériau d'actualité que les manuels classiques du contenu comprennent la théorie électromagnétique de la lumière, la physique des rayonnements optiques et la physique de l'interaction du rayonnement avec la matière. Parmi les sujets contemporains abordés sont les plus globalement les lasers, l'optique non linéaire, et de nouvelles méthodes de spectroscopie optique.Note de contenu :
Sommaire
PART I THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT
1 Optical waves in vacuum 3
1.1 The electromagnetic nature of light and Maxwell's theory 3
1.2 Hertz's experiments 5
1.3 Maxwell's equations 6
1.4 The wave equation 7
1.5 A plane wave 8
1.6 A spherical wave 10
1.7 Modulated waves and radiation of real sources of light 11
1.8 Spectral expansion of the optical field 17
1.9 The superposition principle 19
Bibliography 20
2 Polarization of light 21
2.1 The transverse nature of an optical wave 21
2.2 The polarization states of a plane harmonic wave—
elliptical, circular, and linear polarizations 22
2.3 Non-monochromatic light—the natural polarization 30
2.4 Experimental methods of polarization measurement 31
Bibliography 39
3 Light energy 40
3.1 The energy flux carried by an optical wave 40
3.2 Optical beams and pulses: energy, power, and intensity 44
3.3 The spatial and temporal compression of light energy 47
3.4 Basic concepts of photometry 48
Bibliography 52
4 The pressure of light 53
4.1 The momentum of an optical wave 53
4.2 Measurement of the pressure of light and Lebedev's
experiments 56
4.3 The pressure exerted by light on the classical atom 58
4.4 The angular momentum of an optical wave 60
4.5 The photon 62
4.6 Optical cooling 63
Bibliography 64
viii Contents
PART II LIGHT EMISSION AND OPTICAL OSCILLATORS
5 Classical radiation physics 67
5.1 Hertz's experiment 67
5.2 The atom as an elementary source of light 68
5.3 The classical model of the atom 78
5.4 Emission from a charge and emission conditions 69
5.5 Calculation of the vortical component of the field 71
5.6 A rigorous solution of the problem of dipole emission 73
5.7 Harmonic oscillations of a dipole 74
5.8 The total power of dipole radiation 75
5.9 The decay of dipole oscillations due to emission of radiation 76
Bibliography 77
6 Emission from an oscillator ensemble 78
6.1 From the dynamics of an oscillator to the statistics of an
ensemble 78
6.2 Non-laser sources of light: intensity, polarization, and
radiation directivity pattern 78
6.3 Radiation statistics of independent oscillators 81
6.4 The radiation spectrum 84
6.5 Mechanisms of spectral line broadening 85
6.6 Natural broadening 86
6.7 Doppler broadening 87
6.8 Collision-induced broadening and the shift of a spectral
line 89
6.9 Dicke's effect: collision-induced narrowing of a Doppler
spectral line in a dense gas 91
Bibliography 94
7 A linear oscillator in an optical field 95
7.1 Absorption of light by an oscillator and by an oscillator
ensemble 95
7.2 The Bouguer law 98
7.3 Absorption spectroscopy 100
7.4 Decrease in the phase velocity of light propagating in a
medium and the index of refraction 101
7.5 An inhomogeneous ensemble of oscillators 106
7.6 Homogeneous and inhomogeneous widths of spectra 107
7.7 Excitation by a short pulse—energy relaxation and
dephasing 108
7.8 Principles of frequency- and time-domain spectroscopy 109
Bibliography 115
8 A non-linear oscillator in an optical field 116
Contents ix
8.1 A model of a non-linear oscillator 116
8.2 The perturbation method 118
8.3 An oscillator with quadratic non-linearity and optical
second-harmonic generation 118
8.4 An oscillator with cubic non-linearity—the dependence of
the oscillation frequency on amplitude 119
8.5 Oscillation phase variations caused by an external field 121
8.6 Self-action effects of light: self-focusing of optical beams
and self-modulation of pulses 121
8.7 Optical third-harmonic generation 122
8.8 Non-linear resonance and hysteresis—optical bistability 123
8.9 Parametric generation of light and parametric resonance 125
8.10 Raman scattering of light—a model of non-linearly bonded
oscillators 128
8.11 A non-homogeneous ensemble of non-linear oscillators and
"Photon echo" 132
Bibliography 135
9 Thermal radiation 137
9.1 The main experimental facts and methods of
investigation of thermal radiation 137
9.2 Emissivity and absorptivity of physical bodies 138
9.3 Equilibrium thermal radiation 140
9.4 Kirchhoff's law 141
9.5 The spectral density of thermal radiation 143
9.6 The thermodynamics of equilibrium thermal radiation 144
9.7 The Rayleigh-Jeans formula 149
9.8 The "ultraviolet catastrophe" 150
9.9 Planck's formula 151
9.10 The necessity of a quantum-mechanical approach 151
9.11 Thermal radiation laws 154
9.12 Examples 157
Bibliography 158
10 The laser 159
10.1 Quantum properties of atoms and Bohr's postulates 159
10.2 Optical quanta 160
10.3 Spontaneous and stimulated emission in a quantummechanical
system 162
10.4 The operational principle and design of a laser 164
10.5 The characteristics of laser radiation 173
10.6 The generation of ultra-short pulses 174
Bibliograph
PART III INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, AND
COHERENCE
11 The interference of light 183
11.1 Interference phenomena in optics 183
11.2 Young's experiment 184
11.3 The Michelson interferometer 186
11.4 The interference of monochromatic waves 186
11.5 The interference of non-monochromatic light 193
11.6 The interference of a random optical wave 195
11.7 Multiple-beam interference 202
11.8 The Fabry-Perot interferometer 205
11.9 Eigenmodes and the quality factor of a laser resonator 208
Bibliography 210
12 The coherence of light 211
12.1 The temporal coherence of light—coherence time and
coherence length 211
12.2 The spatial coherence of light—the coherence radius 214
12.3 A model of a random optical field 215
12.4 Calculation of the interference pattern obtained with the
Young interferometer 216
12.5 The measurement of coherence and the coherence of
radiation emitted by real sources of light 220
Bibliography 225
13 The diffraction of light 226
13.1 Diffraction as evidence of the wave nature of light—
fundamental experimental facts 226
13.2 Grimaldi's experiment 227
13.3 The Huygens principle 228
13.4 The Huygens-Fresnel principle 229
13.5 Fresnel's diffraction integral 230
13.6 Fresnel zones 232
13.7 Graphical construction of diffraction patterns 235
13.8 Edge diffraction 241
13.9 The diffraction length of an optical beam—near- and farfield
zones of diffraction 247
13.10 The diffraction divergence of an optical beam in the farfield
zone 249
13.11 The focusing of light as a diffraction phenomenon 250
13.12 Kirchhoff's diffraction theory 252
Bibliography
The diffraction of paraxial beams 258
14.1 Presnel's approximation in diffraction theory 258
14.2 Fresnel's integrals and Cornu's spiral 260
14.3 Presnel diffraction by unidimensional structures 261
14.4 Fresnel diffraction by two-dimensional structures 265
14.5 The parabolic equation and quasi-optical approximation 270
14.6 Solution of the parabolic equation 271
14.7 The propagation and diffraction of a Gaussian beam 273
14.8 The focusing of a Gaussian beam 275
14.9 The application criterion for quasi-optical approximation 279
Bibliography 279
15 Diffraction in the far-field zone 280
15.1 The formation of a stable diffraction pattern in the far-field
zone 280
15.2 Fraunhofer diffraction as a spatial Fourier transformation 282
15.3 Fraunhofer diffraction by unidimensional structures—slit
diffraction 284
15.4 Fraunhofer diffraction by two-dimensional structures 286
15.5 Diffraction by a rectangular aperture 288
15.6 Diffraction by a round aperture 289
15.7 Diffraction of a Gaussian beam 292
Bibliography 293
16 Diffraction by periodic structures 294
16.1 Diffraction gratings 294
16.2 The physics of light diffraction by a grating 295
16.3 The equation of a diffraction grating 296
16.4 A mathematical description of diffraction of a plane wave
by a grating 303
16.5 Diffraction by two-dimensional periodic structures 306
16.6 Diffraction by three-dimensional periodic structures—
X-ray diffraction in perfect crystals 310
16.7 X-ray diffraction analysis 313
Bibliography 314
17 The analysis, transformation, and synthesis of optical
fields 315
17.1 The spectral description of the spatial structure of the field 316
17.2 The lens as an element performing Fourier's spatial
transformation 320
17.3 Optical image formation and Abbe's theory 324
17.4 Porter's experiments 325
17.5 The dark-field technique 328
17.6 The phase-contrast technique 329
17.7 The resolving power of a microscope and telescope 331
17.8 Holography: the recording and reconstruction of optical
fields 334
17.9 The diffraction grating and the Fabry-Perot interferometer
as spectroscopic instruments 337
17.10 Fourier spectroscopy 343
17.11 Light-beat spectroscopy 344
Bibliography 346
PART IV LIGHT AND MATTER
18 The physics of the interaction of light with matter 349
18.1 A model of a continuum and Maxwell's equations 349
18.2 The material equations 350
18.3 Classification of media 353
18.4 A plane monochromatic optical wave in a linear
homogeneous isotropic medium 353
18.5 Complex dielectric permittivity, linear optical
susceptibility, and the complex index of refraction 355
18.6 The classical oscillator model of a medium 358
Bibliography 361
19 Optical waves in linear isotropic media 362
19.1 The dispersion and absorption of light in a linear isotropic
medium 362
19.2 The facts confirming Lorentz dispersion theory 367
19.3 Methods of investigation of optical dispersion and
absorption—optical spectroscopy 371
19.4 The propagation of an optical pulse in a dispersive medium 376
Bibliography 385
20 Optical phenomena at a boundary between two media 386
20.1 Reflection and refraction at a separation boundary 386
20.2 Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field 388
20.3 The geometry of reflection and refraction—Snell's law 388
20.4 Total internal reflection 390
20.5 Energy relations for reflection and refraction—Fresnel's
formulae 392
20.6 The Brewster effect 395
20.7 Variation of the optical wave phase on reflection and
refraction 396
20.8 Reflection of light for normal incidence 397
20.9 The antireflective coating 399
20.10 The reflection of light for oblique incidence 400
20.11 The reflection of light by a metal surface 400
Bibliography
Optics of anisotropic media 403
21.1 Anisotropic materials and the basic effects of crystal optics 403
21.2 The structure of an optical wave in an anisotropic crystal 406
21.3 The matrial equation of an anisotropic medium 408
21.4 Classification of crystals 412
21.5 The polarization eigenstates of an optical wave in an
anisotropic crystal 413
21.6 Ordinary and extradorinary waves 418
21.7 Optical birefringence at the anisotropic medium boundary 423
21.8 The production and analysis of polarized light 427
21.9 The interference of polarized rays 434
21.10 Induced anisotropy 436
Bibliography 438
22 Non-linear optics 439
22.1 Fundamental effects of non-linear optics and the
mechanisms of optical non-linearity 439
22.2 Violation of the superposition principle for intense optical
waves in a medium 443
22.3 The material equation of a non-linear medium 447
22.4 Non-linear polarization 448
22.5 Non-linear susceptibility 449
22.6 An ensemble of non-linear oscillators as a classical model
of a non-linear medium 453
22.7 Optical rectification 459
Bibliography 460
23 Theoretical non-linear optics 461
23.1 Optical second-harmonic generation 461
23.2 Stimulated Raman scattering 471
23.3 Self-focusing of light 479
BibliographyCôte titre : Fs/12325-12326,Fs/12699,Fs/14106-14107 Physical optics [texte imprimé] / Akhmanov, SergueA, Auteur ; S. Yu Nikitin, Auteur . - Oxford : Clarendon Press : Oxford : Oxford university press, 1997 . - 1 vol. (488 p.) : ill., fig. ; 25 cm.
ISBN : 978-0-19-851795-5
978-0-19-851795-5
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : Physique Mots-clés : Optique physique Index. décimale : 535.2 - Optique physique (optique cohérente et non linéaire) Résumé :
Fournir une image de l'optique physique moderne comme un expert verrait, cette exposition claire des idées les plus utiles de l'optique sera accessible aux étudiants de premier cycle. Ce manuel couvre à la fois l'optique classique et moderne et est basée sur un cours offert par l'Université de Moscou au cours des dernières années - l'objectif principal était de fournir une présentation complète des fondamentaux du sujet. Contenant une proportion beaucoup plus élevée de matériau d'actualité que les manuels classiques du contenu comprennent la théorie électromagnétique de la lumière, la physique des rayonnements optiques et la physique de l'interaction du rayonnement avec la matière. Parmi les sujets contemporains abordés sont les plus globalement les lasers, l'optique non linéaire, et de nouvelles méthodes de spectroscopie optique.Note de contenu :
Sommaire
PART I THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT
1 Optical waves in vacuum 3
1.1 The electromagnetic nature of light and Maxwell's theory 3
1.2 Hertz's experiments 5
1.3 Maxwell's equations 6
1.4 The wave equation 7
1.5 A plane wave 8
1.6 A spherical wave 10
1.7 Modulated waves and radiation of real sources of light 11
1.8 Spectral expansion of the optical field 17
1.9 The superposition principle 19
Bibliography 20
2 Polarization of light 21
2.1 The transverse nature of an optical wave 21
2.2 The polarization states of a plane harmonic wave—
elliptical, circular, and linear polarizations 22
2.3 Non-monochromatic light—the natural polarization 30
2.4 Experimental methods of polarization measurement 31
Bibliography 39
3 Light energy 40
3.1 The energy flux carried by an optical wave 40
3.2 Optical beams and pulses: energy, power, and intensity 44
3.3 The spatial and temporal compression of light energy 47
3.4 Basic concepts of photometry 48
Bibliography 52
4 The pressure of light 53
4.1 The momentum of an optical wave 53
4.2 Measurement of the pressure of light and Lebedev's
experiments 56
4.3 The pressure exerted by light on the classical atom 58
4.4 The angular momentum of an optical wave 60
4.5 The photon 62
4.6 Optical cooling 63
Bibliography 64
viii Contents
PART II LIGHT EMISSION AND OPTICAL OSCILLATORS
5 Classical radiation physics 67
5.1 Hertz's experiment 67
5.2 The atom as an elementary source of light 68
5.3 The classical model of the atom 78
5.4 Emission from a charge and emission conditions 69
5.5 Calculation of the vortical component of the field 71
5.6 A rigorous solution of the problem of dipole emission 73
5.7 Harmonic oscillations of a dipole 74
5.8 The total power of dipole radiation 75
5.9 The decay of dipole oscillations due to emission of radiation 76
Bibliography 77
6 Emission from an oscillator ensemble 78
6.1 From the dynamics of an oscillator to the statistics of an
ensemble 78
6.2 Non-laser sources of light: intensity, polarization, and
radiation directivity pattern 78
6.3 Radiation statistics of independent oscillators 81
6.4 The radiation spectrum 84
6.5 Mechanisms of spectral line broadening 85
6.6 Natural broadening 86
6.7 Doppler broadening 87
6.8 Collision-induced broadening and the shift of a spectral
line 89
6.9 Dicke's effect: collision-induced narrowing of a Doppler
spectral line in a dense gas 91
Bibliography 94
7 A linear oscillator in an optical field 95
7.1 Absorption of light by an oscillator and by an oscillator
ensemble 95
7.2 The Bouguer law 98
7.3 Absorption spectroscopy 100
7.4 Decrease in the phase velocity of light propagating in a
medium and the index of refraction 101
7.5 An inhomogeneous ensemble of oscillators 106
7.6 Homogeneous and inhomogeneous widths of spectra 107
7.7 Excitation by a short pulse—energy relaxation and
dephasing 108
7.8 Principles of frequency- and time-domain spectroscopy 109
Bibliography 115
8 A non-linear oscillator in an optical field 116
Contents ix
8.1 A model of a non-linear oscillator 116
8.2 The perturbation method 118
8.3 An oscillator with quadratic non-linearity and optical
second-harmonic generation 118
8.4 An oscillator with cubic non-linearity—the dependence of
the oscillation frequency on amplitude 119
8.5 Oscillation phase variations caused by an external field 121
8.6 Self-action effects of light: self-focusing of optical beams
and self-modulation of pulses 121
8.7 Optical third-harmonic generation 122
8.8 Non-linear resonance and hysteresis—optical bistability 123
8.9 Parametric generation of light and parametric resonance 125
8.10 Raman scattering of light—a model of non-linearly bonded
oscillators 128
8.11 A non-homogeneous ensemble of non-linear oscillators and
"Photon echo" 132
Bibliography 135
9 Thermal radiation 137
9.1 The main experimental facts and methods of
investigation of thermal radiation 137
9.2 Emissivity and absorptivity of physical bodies 138
9.3 Equilibrium thermal radiation 140
9.4 Kirchhoff's law 141
9.5 The spectral density of thermal radiation 143
9.6 The thermodynamics of equilibrium thermal radiation 144
9.7 The Rayleigh-Jeans formula 149
9.8 The "ultraviolet catastrophe" 150
9.9 Planck's formula 151
9.10 The necessity of a quantum-mechanical approach 151
9.11 Thermal radiation laws 154
9.12 Examples 157
Bibliography 158
10 The laser 159
10.1 Quantum properties of atoms and Bohr's postulates 159
10.2 Optical quanta 160
10.3 Spontaneous and stimulated emission in a quantummechanical
system 162
10.4 The operational principle and design of a laser 164
10.5 The characteristics of laser radiation 173
10.6 The generation of ultra-short pulses 174
Bibliograph
PART III INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, AND
COHERENCE
11 The interference of light 183
11.1 Interference phenomena in optics 183
11.2 Young's experiment 184
11.3 The Michelson interferometer 186
11.4 The interference of monochromatic waves 186
11.5 The interference of non-monochromatic light 193
11.6 The interference of a random optical wave 195
11.7 Multiple-beam interference 202
11.8 The Fabry-Perot interferometer 205
11.9 Eigenmodes and the quality factor of a laser resonator 208
Bibliography 210
12 The coherence of light 211
12.1 The temporal coherence of light—coherence time and
coherence length 211
12.2 The spatial coherence of light—the coherence radius 214
12.3 A model of a random optical field 215
12.4 Calculation of the interference pattern obtained with the
Young interferometer 216
12.5 The measurement of coherence and the coherence of
radiation emitted by real sources of light 220
Bibliography 225
13 The diffraction of light 226
13.1 Diffraction as evidence of the wave nature of light—
fundamental experimental facts 226
13.2 Grimaldi's experiment 227
13.3 The Huygens principle 228
13.4 The Huygens-Fresnel principle 229
13.5 Fresnel's diffraction integral 230
13.6 Fresnel zones 232
13.7 Graphical construction of diffraction patterns 235
13.8 Edge diffraction 241
13.9 The diffraction length of an optical beam—near- and farfield
zones of diffraction 247
13.10 The diffraction divergence of an optical beam in the farfield
zone 249
13.11 The focusing of light as a diffraction phenomenon 250
13.12 Kirchhoff's diffraction theory 252
Bibliography
The diffraction of paraxial beams 258
14.1 Presnel's approximation in diffraction theory 258
14.2 Fresnel's integrals and Cornu's spiral 260
14.3 Presnel diffraction by unidimensional structures 261
14.4 Fresnel diffraction by two-dimensional structures 265
14.5 The parabolic equation and quasi-optical approximation 270
14.6 Solution of the parabolic equation 271
14.7 The propagation and diffraction of a Gaussian beam 273
14.8 The focusing of a Gaussian beam 275
14.9 The application criterion for quasi-optical approximation 279
Bibliography 279
15 Diffraction in the far-field zone 280
15.1 The formation of a stable diffraction pattern in the far-field
zone 280
15.2 Fraunhofer diffraction as a spatial Fourier transformation 282
15.3 Fraunhofer diffraction by unidimensional structures—slit
diffraction 284
15.4 Fraunhofer diffraction by two-dimensional structures 286
15.5 Diffraction by a rectangular aperture 288
15.6 Diffraction by a round aperture 289
15.7 Diffraction of a Gaussian beam 292
Bibliography 293
16 Diffraction by periodic structures 294
16.1 Diffraction gratings 294
16.2 The physics of light diffraction by a grating 295
16.3 The equation of a diffraction grating 296
16.4 A mathematical description of diffraction of a plane wave
by a grating 303
16.5 Diffraction by two-dimensional periodic structures 306
16.6 Diffraction by three-dimensional periodic structures—
X-ray diffraction in perfect crystals 310
16.7 X-ray diffraction analysis 313
Bibliography 314
17 The analysis, transformation, and synthesis of optical
fields 315
17.1 The spectral description of the spatial structure of the field 316
17.2 The lens as an element performing Fourier's spatial
transformation 320
17.3 Optical image formation and Abbe's theory 324
17.4 Porter's experiments 325
17.5 The dark-field technique 328
17.6 The phase-contrast technique 329
17.7 The resolving power of a microscope and telescope 331
17.8 Holography: the recording and reconstruction of optical
fields 334
17.9 The diffraction grating and the Fabry-Perot interferometer
as spectroscopic instruments 337
17.10 Fourier spectroscopy 343
17.11 Light-beat spectroscopy 344
Bibliography 346
PART IV LIGHT AND MATTER
18 The physics of the interaction of light with matter 349
18.1 A model of a continuum and Maxwell's equations 349
18.2 The material equations 350
18.3 Classification of media 353
18.4 A plane monochromatic optical wave in a linear
homogeneous isotropic medium 353
18.5 Complex dielectric permittivity, linear optical
susceptibility, and the complex index of refraction 355
18.6 The classical oscillator model of a medium 358
Bibliography 361
19 Optical waves in linear isotropic media 362
19.1 The dispersion and absorption of light in a linear isotropic
medium 362
19.2 The facts confirming Lorentz dispersion theory 367
19.3 Methods of investigation of optical dispersion and
absorption—optical spectroscopy 371
19.4 The propagation of an optical pulse in a dispersive medium 376
Bibliography 385
20 Optical phenomena at a boundary between two media 386
20.1 Reflection and refraction at a separation boundary 386
20.2 Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic field 388
20.3 The geometry of reflection and refraction—Snell's law 388
20.4 Total internal reflection 390
20.5 Energy relations for reflection and refraction—Fresnel's
formulae 392
20.6 The Brewster effect 395
20.7 Variation of the optical wave phase on reflection and
refraction 396
20.8 Reflection of light for normal incidence 397
20.9 The antireflective coating 399
20.10 The reflection of light for oblique incidence 400
20.11 The reflection of light by a metal surface 400
Bibliography
Optics of anisotropic media 403
21.1 Anisotropic materials and the basic effects of crystal optics 403
21.2 The structure of an optical wave in an anisotropic crystal 406
21.3 The matrial equation of an anisotropic medium 408
21.4 Classification of crystals 412
21.5 The polarization eigenstates of an optical wave in an
anisotropic crystal 413
21.6 Ordinary and extradorinary waves 418
21.7 Optical birefringence at the anisotropic medium boundary 423
21.8 The production and analysis of polarized light 427
21.9 The interference of polarized rays 434
21.10 Induced anisotropy 436
Bibliography 438
22 Non-linear optics 439
22.1 Fundamental effects of non-linear optics and the
mechanisms of optical non-linearity 439
22.2 Violation of the superposition principle for intense optical
waves in a medium 443
22.3 The material equation of a non-linear medium 447
22.4 Non-linear polarization 448
22.5 Non-linear susceptibility 449
22.6 An ensemble of non-linear oscillators as a classical model
of a non-linear medium 453
22.7 Optical rectification 459
Bibliography 460
23 Theoretical non-linear optics 461
23.1 Optical second-harmonic generation 461
23.2 Stimulated Raman scattering 471
23.3 Self-focusing of light 479
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